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Interview Questions and Answers

Performance can be improved through various techniques, including optimizing database queries, using caching, minimizing memory allocations, using asynchronous operations, and profiling to identify bottlenecks.

Value types (e.g., int, struct) store their data directly in memory, while reference types (e.g., class, string) store a reference to the memory location where the data is stored. Value types are typically allocated on the stack, while reference types are allocated on the heap.

.NET Standard was a formal specification of .NET APIs intended to bring more unification across .NET implementations. Its role is now mostly fulfilled by .NET itself which supports a broad range of platforms.

Deployment methods vary depending on the application type and target environment. Common options include publishing to a web server (IIS, Azure App Service), creating a self-contained executable, or using containerization (Docker).

Attributes are metadata that can be added to code elements (classes, methods, properties) to provide additional information about them. They can be used for various purposes, such as serialization, validation, and code generation.

Asynchronous operations allow you to perform long-running tasks without blocking the main thread, improving the responsiveness of your application. The 'async' and 'await' keywords are used to simplify asynchronous programming.

DI is a design pattern that allows you to inject dependencies into a class instead of creating them within the class. .NET has built-in support for DI, especially in ASP.NET Core.

LINQ (Language Integrated Query) is a powerful feature in C# that allows you to query data from various sources (collections, databases, XML) using a consistent syntax.

Exceptions are handled using try-catch blocks. The 'try' block contains the code that might throw an exception, and the 'catch' block handles the exception if it occurs.

Benefits include cross-platform compatibility, a large and active community, a rich ecosystem of libraries and tools, performance, security, and scalability.

EF Core is an open-source, lightweight, extensible, and cross-platform version of the popular Entity Framework ORM (Object-Relational Mapper). It simplifies data access in .NET applications.

.NET MAUI (Multi-platform App UI) is a cross-platform framework for building native mobile and desktop apps with C# and .NET from a single codebase.

NuGet is a package manager for .NET that allows developers to easily add, update, and remove libraries and tools in their projects.

ASP.NET is a framework for building web applications and web APIs on the .NET platform. It provides features like MVC, Web API, and Razor Pages.

C# is a multi-paradigm programming language developed by Microsoft that runs on the .NET platform. It's the primary language used for .NET development.

The CLI is a specification that describes the executable code and runtime environment that forms the foundation of the .NET platform. It's an open standard.

The CLR is the managed execution environment for .NET applications. It provides services like memory management (garbage collection), exception handling, and type safety.

.NET Framework is a legacy Windows-only framework. .NET Core (now just .NET) is a cross-platform, open-source framework designed for modern development and deployment. Modern development should target .NET (.NET 6, .NET 7, .NET 8, etc.)

The core components include the Common Language Runtime (CLR), the .NET Framework Class Library (FCL) or Base Class Library (BCL), and language compilers (C#, F#, Visual Basic).

.NET is a free, cross-platform, open-source developer platform for building many different types of applications, including web, mobile, desktop, gaming, and IoT.

NET Framework is used to create and run software applications. (.NET) applications can run on many operating systems, using different implementations of .NET. (.NET Framework) is used for running .NET applications on Windows.

When an ASP.NET page runs, the page goes through a life cycle in which a number of processing steps are performed. These include initialization, instantiating controls, restoring and maintaining state, running event handler code, and rendering. It is nec

The two major components of .NET Framework are the Common Language Runtime and the .NET Framework Class Library.

The Common Language Runtime (CLR) is the execution engine that handles running applications. It provides services like thread m

.NET Framework supports over 60 programming languages, of which 11 programming languages are designed and developed by Microsoft. Those developed by Microsoft are - C#.NET, VB.NET, C++.NET, J#.NET, F#.NET, JSCRIPT.NET, WINDOWS POWERSHELL, IRON RUBY, IRON

An object is an instance of a class; objects have the behavior of their class. The object is the actual component of programs, while the class specifies how instances are created and how they behave.

System Analysis is a method in which facts are gathered and interpreted, problems are defined and a system is decomposed into it's components. Design emphasizes a conceptual solution that fulfills the requirements, rather than it's implementation. Systems

The steps of the design process include: Identify the need, Research. Brainstorm. Develop possible solutions. Construct a prototype. Test and evaluate. Revisions. Completion.

State- This is a value on an objects attribute at a given time.

Behavior- This defines the behavior of the object, and their reactions.

Identity- An object has an identity characterizing it's very life. The identification al

They are abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.

An interaction model is a design model that ties an application together in such a way as to benefit it's target users conceptual models. This determines how all the artifacts and behavior that are part of an application interrelate in ways that represent

Aggregation means a relationship where the child can exist independently of the parent. Composition insinuates a relationship where the child can not exist independently of the parent.

Relate with a project you have done.

The data structure is a data collection, management and storage system that allows for easy access and alteration. More specifically, the data structure is the set of data values, the relationship between them and the functions or operations that can be a

In a linear data structure, the data elements are organized in a linear order where every element is connected to it's previous and next adjacent elements. For a non-linear data structure, the data elements are hierarchically connected.

Traversing - access each data item exactly once; Searching - is used to find the location of one or more data items that fulfill the condition; Inserting - is add new data items to the given list of data items; Deleting -  is to remove a particular data i

Algorithm - is a procedure for solving a problem, based on conducting a sequence of specified actions. A computer program can be viewed as an elaborate algorithm.

Greedy Algorithms - is algorithm that follows the problem-solving heuristic

The most fundamental types of algorithm are: Recursive Algorithms, Dynamic programming algorithm, Backtracking algorithm, Divide and Conquer Algorithm, Greedy Algorithm, Brute Force Algorithm.

Recursion is a method used to allow a function call it'self. This technique offers a way to break down complicated problems into simple problems that are easier to solve.

Explain specific instances with respect to the job JD.

Model–view–controller(MVC) is a software design pattern used for developing user interfaces that separate the related program logic into three interconnected elements. Each of these components is built to handle specific development aspects of an applicat

Explain specific instances with respect to the job JD

(1) Choose the Right Technology when picking up a programming language, Database, Communication Channel.

(2) The ability to run multiple servers and databases as a distributed application over multiple time zones.

(3)Database backup, correct

Object-oriented programming is a programming paradigm based on the concept of \"objects\", which can contain data, in the form of fields, and code, in the form of procedures. A feature of objects is that objects' own procedures can access and often modif

Most modern development processes can be described as agile. Other methodologies include waterfall, prototyping, iterative and incremental development, spiral development, rapid application development, and extreme programming.

Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a process used to design, develop and test high-quality software. Also referred to as the application development life-cycle.

Software testing is called the process or method of identifying errors in an application or system, such that the application works according to the requirement of end-users. It is an examination carried out to provide users the information on the quality

Explain specific instances with respect to the job JD.

A good software engineer is someone who is not only competent to write code but also competent to create, produce and ship useful software.

The primary aim of the code review is to ensure that the codebase overall product quality is maintained over time. It helps give a fresh set of eyes to identify bugs and simple coding errors. All of the tools and processes of code review are designed to

Use a phased life-cycle plan, Continuous validation, Maintain product control, Use the latest programming practices, Maintain clear accountability for results.

Software engineering always requires a fair amount of teamwork. The code needs to be understood by designers, developers, other coders, testers, team members and the entire IT team.

Schedule, Quality, Cost, Stakeholder Satisfaction, Performance

A software project manager determines the project specifications, builds the project team, draws up a blueprint for the whole project outlining the scope and criteria of the project, clearly communicates the project goals to the team; allocates budget, an

The most common software sizing methodology has been counting the lines of code written in the application source. Another approach is to do Functional Size Measurement, to express the functionality size as a number by performing Function point analysis.

The major parts to project estimation are effort estimation, cost estimation, resource estimate. In estimation, there are many methods used as best practices in project management such as-Analogous estimation, Parametric estimation, Delphi process, 3 Poi

software configuration management (SCM) is the task of tracking and controlling changes in the software code, part of the larger cross-disciplinary field of configuration management. Whereas change management deals with identification, impact analysis, do

Basecamp, Teamwork Projects, ProofHub, Zoho Projects, Nifty, Trello, JIRA, Asana, Podio, etc.

A feasibility study is a study that takes into account all of the related factors of a project — including economic, technological, legal, and scheduling considerations — to assess the probability of completing the project.

Functional requirements are the specifications explicitly requested by the end-user as essential facilities the system should provide. Non-functional requirements are the quality constraints that the system must satisfy according to the project contract,

Pseudocode is an informal high-level explanation of the operating principle of a computer program. It uses the structural conventions of a normal programming language but is intended for human reading rather than machine reading.

Validation is the process of checking whether the specification captures the user's needs, while verification is the process of checking that the software meets the specification.

Different Types Of Software Testing - Unit Testing, Integration Testing, System Testing, Sanity Testing, Smoke Testing, Interface Testing, Regression Testing, Beta/Acceptance Testing.

Quality control can be described as part of quality management that is focused on fulfilling quality requirements. While quality assurance relates to how a process is performed or how a product is made.

Single Responsibility Principle (SRP), Open/Closed Principle (OCP), Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP), Interface Segregation Principle (ISP), Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP).