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Interview Questions and Answers

Use smart pointers (unique_ptr, shared_ptr, weak_ptr) to automate memory management. Avoid manual memory allocation and deallocation as much as possible. Utilize memory leak detection tools during development and testing. Practice careful coding to minimize errors when dynamic memory is absolutely necessary.

The `const` keyword is used to specify that a variable, function, or object cannot be modified. It helps enforce immutability and improve code safety.

Lambda expressions (also known as lambda functions) are anonymous functions that can be defined inline within the code. They are often used with STL algorithms and for creating small, self-contained functions.

Operator overloading allows you to redefine the behavior of operators (e.g., +, -, *, /) for user-defined data types. This allows you to use operators with objects in a natural and intuitive way.

Pass by value copies the arguments value to the function. Pass by reference passes an alias of the argument, so modifications affect the original. Pass by pointer passes the memory address of the argument, allowing modification of the original data.

Namespaces are used to organize code into logical groups and prevent naming conflicts between different parts of a program or between different libraries.

Pointers are variables that store the memory address of another variable. They are used for dynamic memory allocation, passing arguments by reference, and working with data structures like linked lists and trees.

Dynamic memory allocation allows you to allocate memory during runtime using `new` and deallocate it using `delete`. This is crucial for creating data structures whose size isnt known at compile time. Use smart pointers to avoid memory leaks.

Smart pointers (e.g., `unique_ptr`, `shared_ptr`, `weak_ptr`) are classes that manage dynamically allocated memory automatically, preventing memory leaks. They automatically delete the allocated memory when the pointer goes out of scope.

Templates are a feature that allows you to write generic code that can work with different data types. They enable you to create functions and classes that operate on data of any type without having to write separate code for each type.

The STL is a collection of pre-built classes and functions that provide commonly used data structures (like vectors, lists, maps) and algorithms (like sorting, searching). It promotes code reuse and efficiency.

Exception handling is a mechanism for dealing with errors and unexpected events during program execution. It involves using `try`, `catch`, and `throw` blocks to catch and handle exceptions.

The primary difference is the default access specifier. In a `struct`, members are public by default, while in a `class`, members are private by default. They are otherwise very similar.

Virtual functions are functions declared with the `virtual` keyword in a base class. They allow derived classes to override the base class implementation and achieve runtime polymorphism.

Key features include object-oriented programming (OOP), support for procedural programming, memory management (manual and smart pointers), templates (generic programming), exception handling, and a rich standard library.

C is a procedural language, while C++ is an object-oriented language. C lacks features like classes, inheritance, and polymorphism that are core to C++. C++ also has better type checking and a standard library.

A class is a blueprint for creating objects. It defines the data (attributes) and behavior (methods) of objects. An object is an instance of a class. It represents a real-world entity with specific data and can perform actions defined by the class.

Inheritance is a mechanism where a new class (derived class) inherits properties and methods from an existing class (base class). It promotes code reuse and creates a hierarchy of classes.

Polymorphism allows objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common type. Its achieved through virtual functions and function overloading. This enables writing generic code that can work with different types of objects.

C++ is a general-purpose programming language. Its used for performance-critical applications, game development, operating systems, and high-frequency trading due to its speed and control over hardware.

Features of C++:

- Object Oriented

- Simple

- Platform Dependent

- Mid-level programming language

- Structured programming language

- Rich Library

- Memory Management

- Powerful & Fast

- Poin

C is a procedural programming language and does not support classes and objects, the main difference in these languages, whereas C++ is a combination of both procedural and object-oriented programming languages. On the other hand, C++ supports both proced

Virtual function is a member function which is declared within a base class and is overridden by a derived class.

- C++ access specifiers are used for setting the boundary for the availability of class members beyond that class.

- An inline

Types of Inheritance in C++:

- Single Inheritance.

- Multiple Inheritance.

- Hierarchical Inheritance.

- Multilevel Inheritance.

- Hybrid Inheritance

System Analysis is a method in which facts are gathered and interpreted, problems are defined and a system is decomposed into it's components. Design emphasizes a conceptual solution that fulfills the requirements, rather than it's implementation. Systems

The steps of the design process include: Identify the need, Research. Brainstorm. Develop possible solutions. Construct a prototype. Test and evaluate. Revisions. Completion.

NA

State- This is a value on an objects attribute at a given time. Behavior- This defines the behavior of the object, and their reactions. Identity- An object has an identity characterizing it's very life. The identification allows any object to be identifie

They are abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.

An interaction model is a design model that ties an application together in such a way as to benefit it's target users conceptual models. This determines how all the artifacts and behavior that are part of an application interrelate in ways that represen

Aggregation means a relationship where the child can exist independently of the parent. Composition insinuates a relationship where the child can not exist independently of the parent.

Relate with a project you have done.

The data structure is a data collection, management and storage system that allows for easy access and alteration. More specifically, the data structure is the set of data values, the relationship between them and the functions or operations that can be a

In a linear data structure, the data elements are organized in a linear order where every element is connected to it's previous and next adjacent elements. For a non-linear data structure, the data elements are hierarchically connected.

Traversing - access each data item exactly once; Searching - is used to find the location of one or more data items that fulfill the condition; Inserting - is add new data items to the given list of data items; Deleting -  is to remove a particular data i

Algorithm - is a procedure for solving a problem, based on conducting a sequence of specified actions. A computer program can be viewed as an elaborate algorithm.

Greedy Algorithms - is algorithm that follows the problem-solving heuristic

The most fundamental types of algorithm are: Recursive Algorithms, Dynamic programming algorithm, Backtracking algorithm, Divide and Conquer Algorithm, Greedy Algorithm, Brute Force Algorithm.

Recursion is a method used to allow a function call it'self. This technique offers a way to break down complicated problems into simple problems that are easier to solve.

Explain specific instances with respect to the job JD.

Model–view–controller(MVC) is a software design pattern used for developing user interfaces that separate the related program logic into three interconnected elements. Each of these components is built to handle specific development aspects of an applicat

Explain specific instances with respect to the job JD.

(1) Choose the Right Technology when picking up a programming language, Database, Communication Channel.

(2) The ability to run multiple servers and databases as a distributed application over multiple time zones.

(3)Database backup, correcti

Object-oriented programming is a programming paradigm based on the concept of \"objects\", which can contain data, in the form of fields, and code, in the form of procedures. A feature of objects is that objects' own procedures can access and often modify

Most modern development processes can be described as agile. Other methodologies include waterfall, prototyping, iterative and incremental development, spiral development, rapid application development, and extreme programming.

Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a process used to design, develop and test high-quality software. Also referred to as the application development life-cycle.

Software testing is called the process or method of identifying errors in an application or system, such that the application works according to the requirement of end-users. It is an examination carried out to provide users the information on the quality

Explain specific instances with respect to the job JD.

A good software engineer is someone who is not only competent to write code but also competent to create, produce and ship useful software.

The primary aim of the code review is to ensure that the codebase overall product quality is maintained over time. It helps give a fresh set of eyes to identify bugs and simple coding errors. All of the tools and processes of code review are designed to t

Use a phased life-cycle plan, Continuous validation, Maintain product control, Use the latest programming practices, Maintain clear accountability for results.

Software engineering always requires a fair amount of teamwork. The code needs to be understood by designers, developers, other coders, testers, team members and the entire IT team.

Schedule, Quality, Cost, Stakeholder Satisfaction, Performance

A software project manager determines the project specifications, builds the project team, draws up a blueprint for the whole project outlining the scope and criteria of the project, clearly communicates the project goals to the team; allocates budget, an

The most common software sizing methodology has been counting the lines of code written in the application source. Another approach is to do Functional Size Measurement, to express the functionality size as a number by performing Function point analysis.

The major parts to project estimation are effort estimation, cost estimation, resource estimate. In estimation, there are many methods used as best practices in project management such as-Analogous estimation, Parametric estimation, Delphi process, 3 Poin

software configuration management (SCM) is the task of tracking and controlling changes in the software code, part of the larger cross-disciplinary field of configuration management. Whereas change management deals with identification, impact analysis, d

Basecamp, Teamwork Projects, ProofHub, Zoho Projects, Nifty, Trello, JIRA, Asana, Podio, etc.

A feasibility study is a study that takes into account all of the related factors of a project — including economic, technological, legal, and scheduling considerations — to assess the probability of completing the project.

Functional requirements are the specifications explicitly requested by the end-user as essential facilities the system should provide. Non-functional requirements are the quality constraints that the system must satisfy according to the project contract,

Pseudocode is an informal high-level explanation of the operating principle of a computer program. It uses the structural conventions of a normal programming language but is intended for human reading rather than machine reading.

Validation is the process of checking whether the specification captures the user's needs, while verification is the process of checking that the software meets the specification.

Different Types Of Software Testing - Unit Testing, Integration Testing, System Testing, Sanity Testing, Smoke Testing, Interface Testing, Regression Testing, Beta/Acceptance Testing.

Quality control can be described as part of quality management that is focused on fulfilling quality requirements. While quality assurance relates to how a process is performed or how a product is made.

Single Responsibility Principle (SRP), Open/Closed Principle (OCP), Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP), Interface Segregation Principle (ISP), Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP).